LL-37 FAQ: common questions answered
A human defense peptide with mixed topical wound-trial results and no established injection regimen.
Also called: LL37, Cathelicidin LL-37, hCAP18/LL-37.
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptides · Human cathelicidin antimicrobial and immune-signaling peptide.
- Is LL-37 FDA-approved? No FDA-approved product or label. FDA warns of immune reactions, peptide impurities, reproductive harm and tissue-specific tumor effects.
- How do people take it? Under the skin, once daily. Up to 6 weeks, as discussed. Source: reported by users, not an established dose.
- What's the difference between LL-37 and Thymosin alpha-1? LL-37: a human defense peptide with mixed topical wound-trial results and no established injection regimen. Thymosin alpha-1: an immune-signaling peptide with overseas approvals and mixed trial results. Why people pair them: discussed with LL-37 for immune goals in a proposed autoimmune stack.
- Can I take it with Thymosin alpha-1? Discussed with LL-37 for immune goals in a proposed autoimmune stack. No combination trial; effects on autoimmune disease may be unpredictable. Source: reported by users. Ask a doctor before combining anything.
- Is it banned in sport? Yes. It is banned in and out of competition (WADA 2026). Inferred from S0 for unapproved pharmacological substances. Neither peptide is named individually; athletes should verify with their anti-doping body.
- How long does a mixed vial last? No validated shelf life for community mixtures. The wound trial mixed its controlled formulation immediately before application.
Related to LL-37
- KPV: An alpha-MSH fragment studied for gut inflammation in animals, with no human dosing trial.
- SS-31 (elamipretide): A peptide approved for Barth syndrome muscle strength; benefit needs confirmation and broader energy benefits remain unproven.
- Thymosin alpha-1: An immune-signaling peptide with overseas approvals and mixed trial results.
Sources
- 21 CFR 216.23 — Bulk drug substances that can be used to compound drug products in accordance with section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act., Office of the Federal Register · eCFR · 2026
- Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, FDA · FDA · 2026
- Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks, FDA · FDA · 2026
- Concerns regarding the public health risks associated with unapproved peptide products, Therapeutic Goods Administration and Chief Medical Officer · Therapeutic Goods Administration · 2026
- Medicines, European Medicines Agency · European Medicines Agency · 2026
- MHRA Products | Home, MHRA · MHRA · 2026
- The 2026 Prohibited List, World Anti-Doping Agency · WADA · 2026
- Think twice before injecting peptides bought online: unauthorized products can seriously harm you, Health Canada · Health Canada · 2026
- Unapproved peptide product promoters and suppliers are put on notice, Therapeutic Goods Administration · 2026
- Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, FDA · FDA · 2025
- Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice, FDA · 2004
- Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial., Zhao Y et al. · Journal of medical virology · 2023
- Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial., Miranda E et al. · Archives of dermatological research · 2023
- Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial., Mahlapuu M et al. · Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2021
- Preliminary evaluation of the safety and efficacy of oral human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in the treatment of patients of COVID-19, a small-scale, single-arm, exploratory safety study, Zhang H et al. · medRxiv · 2020
Sources checked: 2026-10-18.
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